There is no denying the fact that headaches feel so unnecessary to experience. According to a study done by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), disorders coupled with headaches are among the most prevalent conditions worldwide. It is estimated that about 15.8% of the world’s population experiences a headache every day. [1] These statistics are quite concerning and as a result, makes it extremely beneficial to understand how headaches occur and what they can indicate.
The different types of headaches you might experience can be divided into two separate groups, primary and secondary headaches. [2] Primary headaches are a specific condition themselves, meaning that it is not a symptom you experience because of an underlying condition. The exact origins of these headaches are unknown. There are three different types of primary headaches: migraines, cluster headaches, and tension headaches. [3]
Migraines produce a vice-like sensation in the skull that can last anything from 4 hours to 3 days. 70% of the time the pain experienced is unilateral, meaning on only one side of the head. A migraine generally has a gradual onset which is a slow increase in pain intensity. [2] This type of headache is quite severe where 20% of the occurrences are intense enough to overload the brain with electrical energy. This hyperactivity excites sensory nerve endings within the brain that has the potential of producing hallucinations that consist of seeing geometric patterns or flashing lights. [3] You may also experience tingling sensations within nerve endings as a result of this headache type. Treatments for a migraine consist of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, antiemetics to prevent vomiting, and hydration which is also key. The severity of headaches can also be eased by resting in a dark and quiet place and by placing an ice pack or cold cloth on the forehead. [4]
Tension headaches are the most common form of headache that creates a sensation of a band compressing your head. This occurs when the tenderness of the pericranial muscles is increased as blood and oxygen pulse through the tissue. [3] Reported triggers that result in this type of headache include stress, dehydration, hormone changes, lack of sleep, hunger, caffeine withdrawal, and eye strain. Treatments for this type of headache consist of simple analgesics such as paracetamol and acupuncture can also aid in relieving tension headaches.[4]
Cluster headaches are a burning stabbing pain behind one eye that can lead to a red eye, constricted pupil, and a drooping eyelid. This type of headache is associated with the cranial nerve which is important for sensation around the face. Cluster headaches are treated with subcutaneous sumatriptan, which reduces pain, nausea, and light sensitivity.[4]
Secondary headaches are symptoms caused by health problems that may include dehydration, caffeine withdrawal, injury, or heart disease. There are over 150 diagnosable causes of secondary headaches with different symptoms that also require different treatments.[4] Most secondary headaches can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs that will reduce cranial swelling.
Some headaches may also be dehydration headaches, hormone headaches, or sinus headaches. Dehydration headaches occur when the frontal lobe of the brain shrinks away from the skull and results in swelling of the forehead. Hormone headaches may occur with a low concentration of estrogen in the body, during the beginning of a menstrual cycle, or due to withdrawal of hormone therapy. Sinus headaches occur when the sinus canals in the head are inflamed and increased in size due to the inflammatory response from the immune system. As a result, this increase in size, pressure is placed on the cranial veins and arteries, causing headaches.[3]
If you experience more headaches than usual, more severe headaches than usual, or if the headache doesn’t improve after taking medication for it, certainly consult with your healthcare practitioner.
